Heat Exchanger Lumped-Capacitance Unit Model with Two Property Packages¶
Problem Statement: In this example, we will be heating a benzene-toluene mixture using steam.
Tube Side Inlet
Flow Rate = 250 mol/s
Mole fraction (Benzene) = 0.4
Mole fraction (Toluene) = 0.6
Pressure = 101325 Pa
Temperature = 380 K
Shell Side Inlet
Flow Rate = 100 mol/s
Mole fraction (Steam) = 1
Pressure = 101325 Pa
Temperature = 400 K
The 0D lumped-capacitance heat exchanger unit model makes the assumption that the temperature difference bewtween discrete “lumps” in the heat exchanger is negligible. Likewise, this model can be useful for transient simulations in which temperature gradients within the heat exchanger can be ignored. This example will demonstrate the simulation of the lumped-capacitance heat exchanger by fixing the following degrees of freedom: - heat transfer area - overall heat transfer coefficients (one for cold-side and one for hot-side)
The IDAES library’s HeatExchangerLumpedCapacitance is modelled after
the heat exchanger 0D model and has added the capabilities of supporting
a wall temperature as well as heat holdup for transient simulations;
more details on the lumped capacitance heat exchanger may be found here:
https://idaes-pse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference_guides/model_libraries/generic/unit_models/heat_exchanger_lc.html.
IDAES documentation reference for the simpler heat exchanger 0D model: https://idaes-pse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference_guides/model_libraries/generic/unit_models/heat_exchanger.html
Importing necessary tools¶
First, import the required IDAES and Pyomo modules. Note that the hot-side (shell) and cold-side (tube) properties leverage separate property packages:
# Import pyomo package
from pyomo.environ import ConcreteModel, Constraint, value, units
# Import idaes logger to set output levels
import idaes.logger as idaeslog
# Import the main FlowsheetBlock from IDAES. The flowsheet block will contain the unit model
from idaes.core import FlowsheetBlock
# Import the IAPWS property package to create a properties block for steam in the flowsheet
from idaes.models.properties import iapws95
from idaes.models.properties.iapws95 import htpx
from idaes.models.properties.modular_properties import GenericParameterBlock
# Import the BT_ideal property package to create a properties block for the tube side in the flowsheet
from idaes.models.properties.modular_properties.examples.BT_ideal \
import configuration
#Import the degrees_of_freedom function from the idaes.core.util.model_statistics package
from idaes.core.util.model_statistics import degrees_of_freedom
#Import the default IPOPT solver
from idaes.core.solvers import get_solver
#Import a heat exchanger unit
from idaes.models.unit_models import HeatExchangerLumpedCapacitance, HeatExchangerFlowPattern
Setting up the flowsheet¶
Then, create the ConcreteModel foundation, attach the steady state
flowsheet, and declare the property parameter block that will used for
the shell and tube sides.
More information on this general workflow can be found here: https://idaes-pse.readthedocs.io/en/stable/how_to_guides/workflow/general.html
m = ConcreteModel()
m.fs = FlowsheetBlock(dynamic=False)
m.fs.properties_shell = iapws95.Iapws95ParameterBlock()
m.fs.properties_tube = GenericParameterBlock(**configuration)
Then, import and define the HeatExchanger unit, and add it to the
flowsheet. As mentioned above, we will designate the shell as the hot
side and the tube as the cold side. The dynamic_heat_balance is set
to False in this case, meaning heat holdup in the wall material is
not considered.
The unit is created below:
# Create an instance of the heat exchanger unit, attaching it to the flowsheet
# Specify that the property packages to be used with the heat exchanger are the ones we created earlier.
m.fs.heat_exchanger = HeatExchangerLumpedCapacitance(
hot_side_name="shell",
cold_side_name="tube",
shell={"property_package": m.fs.properties_shell},
tube={"property_package": m.fs.properties_tube},
flow_pattern=HeatExchangerFlowPattern.crossflow,
dynamic_heat_balance=False,)
# Call the degrees_of_freedom function, get initial DOF
DOF_initial = degrees_of_freedom(m)
print("The initial DOF is {0}".format(DOF_initial))
The initial DOF is 12
assert DOF_initial == 12
Fixing input specifications¶
In the following cell, we will use a function to calculate enthalpy, then specify all of the necessary inputs for the heat exchanger, and re-evaluate the degrees of freedom to ensure the problem is square (i.e. DOF=0)
h = htpx(400*units.K, P = 101325*units.Pa) # calculate IAPWS enthalpy
m.fs.heat_exchanger.shell_inlet.flow_mol.fix(100) # mol/s
m.fs.heat_exchanger.shell_inlet.pressure.fix(101325) # Pa
m.fs.heat_exchanger.shell_inlet.enth_mol.fix(h) # J/mol
DOF_initial = degrees_of_freedom(m)
print("The DOF is {0}".format(DOF_initial))
The DOF is 9
m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube_inlet.flow_mol.fix(250) # mol/s
m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube_inlet.mole_frac_comp[0, "benzene"].fix(0.4)
m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube_inlet.mole_frac_comp[0, "toluene"].fix(0.6)
m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube_inlet.pressure.fix(101325) # Pa
m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube_inlet.temperature[0].fix(380) # K
DOF_final = degrees_of_freedom(m)
print("The DOF is {0}".format(DOF_final))
The DOF is 4
Fix overall heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the heat transfer area¶
Unlike the other heat exchanger unit models which only require one heat transfer coeffcient, the lump-capacitance model requires an overall heat transfer coeffcient to be specified for the hot and cold sides. Below, we fix the heat exchanger area and heat transfer coefficients, which yields a fully defined problem with zero degrees of freedom that may be initialized and solved:
m.fs.heat_exchanger.area.fix(50) # m2
m.fs.heat_exchanger.ua_hot_side.fix(200 * 1000) # W/m2/K
m.fs.heat_exchanger.ua_cold_side.fix(200 * 1000) # W/m2/K
m.fs.heat_exchanger.crossflow_factor.fix(0.6)
DOF_final = degrees_of_freedom(m)
print("The DOF is {0}".format(DOF_final))
The DOF is 0
assert DOF_final == 0
Now that the problem is square (zero degrees of freedom), we can initialize and solve the full model:
# Initialize the flowsheet, and set the output at INFO
m.fs.heat_exchanger.initialize(outlvl=idaeslog.INFO)
# Solve the simulation using ipopt
# Note: If the degrees of freedom = 0, we have a square problem
opt = get_solver()
solve_status = opt.solve(m)
# Display a readable report
m.fs.heat_exchanger.report()
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.hot_side: Initialization Complete
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: Starting initialization
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: Dew and bubble point initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: Equilibrium temperature initialization completed.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: State variable initialization completed.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: Phase equilibrium initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_in: Property initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: Starting initialization
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: Dew and bubble point initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: Equilibrium temperature initialization completed.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: State variable initialization completed.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: Phase equilibrium initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side.properties_out: Property initialization: optimal - Optimal Solution Found.
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger.cold_side: Initialization Complete
2023-03-04 01:48:11 [INFO] idaes.init.fs.heat_exchanger: Initialization Completed, optimal - Optimal Solution Found
====================================================================================
Unit : fs.heat_exchanger Time: 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit Performance
Variables:
Key : Value : Units : Fixed : Bounds
Crossflow Factor : 0.60000 : dimensionless : True : (None, None)
HX Area : 50.000 : meter ** 2 : True : (0, None)
HX Coefficient : 2000.0 : kilogram / kelvin / second ** 3 : False : (0, None)
Heat Duty : 73086. : watt : False : (None, None)
Expressions:
Key : Value : Units
Delta T Driving : 1.2181 : kelvin
Delta T In : 17.621 : kelvin
Delta T Out : 9.1977e-06 : kelvin
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stream Table
Units shell Inlet shell Outlet tube Inlet tube Outlet
Molar Flow mole / second 100 100.00 - -
Mass Flow kilogram / second 1.8015 1.8015 - -
T kelvin 400.00 380.00 - -
P pascal 101325 1.0132e+05 - -
Vapor Fraction dimensionless 1.0000 1.0000 - -
Molar Enthalpy joule / mole 49187. 48456. - -
Total Molar Flowrate mole / second - - 250 250.00
Total Mole Fraction benzene dimensionless - - 0.40000 0.40000
Total Mole Fraction toluene dimensionless - - 0.60000 0.60000
Temperature kelvin - - 380 382.38
Pressure pascal - - 1.0132e+05 1.0132e+05
====================================================================================
from pyomo.environ import assert_optimal_termination
import pytest
# Check if termination condition is optimal
assert_optimal_termination(solve_status)
assert value(m.fs.heat_exchanger.shell.properties_out[0].temperature) == pytest.approx(380.0, abs=1e-2)
assert value(m.fs.heat_exchanger.tube.properties_out[0].temperature) == pytest.approx(382.38, abs=1e-2)